1. SS-31 (Elamipretide)

SS-31 is a small, water-soluble tetrapeptide that belongs to a class of compounds known as mitochondria-targeting peptides.

• Biochemical Action: It selectively binds to cardiolipin, an essential phospholipid located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. By stabilizing cardiolipin, it helps maintain mitochondrial cristae structure and optimizes the electron transport chain.

• Research Focus: Investigation into the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cellular aging, and mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic and neurodegenerative research models.

2. MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c)

MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded by the mitochondrial genome rather than the nuclear genome.

• Biochemical Action: It acts as a metabolic regulator that translocates to the nucleus in response to metabolic stress. It is known to promote fatty acid oxidation and enhance glucose utilization by activating the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway.

• Research Focus: Studies on metabolic homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, physical performance endurance, and longevity.

3. NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

NAD+ is a critical coenzyme found in all living cells, serving as a cornerstone of biological oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.

• Biochemical Action: It functions as a key electron carrier in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Furthermore, it serves as a necessary substrate for enzymes such as sirtuins and PARPs, which are involved in DNA repair and cellular signaling.

• Research Focus: Research regarding cellular energy metabolism, DNA integrity maintenance, and the physiological effects of NAD+ depletion during the aging process.

Important: Restricted to Research Use

These substances are provided exclusively for laboratory and analytical purposes.

Safety Warning: These compounds are not intended for human use, clinical diagnosis, or medical treatment. As stated on the labels (“For Research Purpose Only“), they must only be used in controlled research environments. They are not dietary supplements or drugs. Proper laboratory protocols and safety measures must be strictly followed during handling.